Gothamist74%
4 dead in Upper East Side Legionnaires’ disease outbreak 13%
By Phil Corso45%
7/20/2026, 11:54:12 PM
Topics: Legionnaires Disease
BS Summary: This article contains 10 faulty reasoning types, including Recency Bias, Unattributed Quote, and Confirmation Bias, with Negativity Bias as the most egregious example at 20.5% saturation with 30 hits. Analysis detected 181 faulty-reasoning hits from 146 analyzed words, generating a BS Score of 29.9% and a BS Rank of 13% (16,614 of 18,913 articles). This article is better (less manipulative) than 87.80% of the article peer group.
A fourth person has died in connection with the Legionnaires’ disease outbreak on Manhattan’s Upper East Side, city Health Commissioner Dr.
Alister Martin said Monday.
The outbreak has sickened at least 74 people.
Martin said no new cases have been diagnosed since July 15 and the last person known to have developed symptoms did so more than a week ago.
Health officials said those trends, along with emergency room surveillance data, suggest the source of exposure has likely been eliminated.
The city is continuing to inspect cooling towers that tested positive for Legionella bacteria and enforce health regulations, officials said.
The outbreak has affected ZIP codes 10028, 10075 and 10128, covering parts of Carnegie Hill and Yorkville.
Legionnaires’ disease is a type of pneumonia caused by inhaling water vapor contaminated with Legionella bacteria.
It is not contagious.
Confirmation Bias
13.7%Confirmation Bias
OverallThis article
13.7%AuthorPhil Corso
3.7%PublicationGothamist
2.7%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Anchoring Bias
0%Anchoring Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
1.5%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Availability Heuristic
5.5%Availability Heuristic
OverallThis article
5.5%AuthorPhil Corso
3.5%PublicationGothamist
3.6%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Representativeness Heuristic
11.6%Representativeness Heuristic
OverallThis article
11.6%AuthorPhil Corso
1.2%PublicationGothamist
1.1%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Hindsight Bias
0%Hindsight Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
2%PublicationGothamist
0.7%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Overconfidence Bias
13.7%Overconfidence Bias
OverallThis article
13.7%AuthorPhil Corso
1%PublicationGothamist
1.2%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Framing Effect
6.2%Framing Effect
OverallThis article
6.2%AuthorPhil Corso
5.7%PublicationGothamist
8.4%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Loss Aversion
0%Loss Aversion
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.8%PublicationGothamist
1.2%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Status Quo Bias
0%Status Quo Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
1.1%PublicationGothamist
1.1%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Sunk Cost Effect
0%Sunk Cost Effect
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
0.2%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Optimism Bias
0%Optimism Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
3.1%PublicationGothamist
3.6%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Pessimism Bias
0%Pessimism Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.4%PublicationGothamist
1.7%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Negativity Bias
20.5%Negativity Bias
OverallThis article
20.5%AuthorPhil Corso
5.5%PublicationGothamist
8.5%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Self-Serving Bias
0%Self-Serving Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
5.8%PublicationGothamist
2.5%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Fundamental Attribution Error
0%Fundamental Attribution Error
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.2%PublicationGothamist
1%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Actor-Observer Bias
0%Actor-Observer Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
0.3%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
In-Group Bias
0%In-Group Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
2.1%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
0%Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
0.6%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Halo Effect
0%Halo Effect
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
1.4%PublicationGothamist
2.1%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Horn Effect
0%Horn Effect
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Dunning-Kruger Effect
0%Dunning-Kruger Effect
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
0%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Recency Bias
18.5%Recency Bias
OverallThis article
18.5%AuthorPhil Corso
0.9%PublicationGothamist
1.3%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Primacy Effect
0%Primacy Effect
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
1.1%PublicationGothamist
0.4%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Blind-Spot Bias
0%Blind-Spot Bias
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Ad Hominem
0%Ad Hominem
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
1%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Straw Man
0%Straw Man
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Appeal to Authority
0%Appeal to Authority
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
4.5%PublicationGothamist
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False Dilemma
0%False Dilemma
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.2%PublicationGothamist
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Slippery Slope
0%Slippery Slope
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Circular Reasoning
0%Circular Reasoning
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Hasty Generalization
0%Hasty Generalization
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
2.1%PublicationGothamist
3.8%Bar shows this article. Yellow and cyan markers show the selected author and publication averages.
Red Herring
0%Red Herring
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.5%PublicationGothamist
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Bandwagon
0%Bandwagon
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
1.5%PublicationGothamist
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Appeal to Emotion
0%Appeal to Emotion
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
10.7%PublicationGothamist
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Begging the Question
0%Begging the Question
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
1.1%PublicationGothamist
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Post Hoc (False Cause)
13.7%Post Hoc (False Cause)
OverallThis article
13.7%AuthorPhil Corso
5.6%PublicationGothamist
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Tu Quoque
0%Tu Quoque
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Burden of Proof
0%Burden of Proof
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.7%PublicationGothamist
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Appeal to Nature
0%Appeal to Nature
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Composition/Division
0%Composition/Division
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Anecdotal
0%Anecdotal
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.7%PublicationGothamist
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No True Scotsman
0%No True Scotsman
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Ambiguity (Equivocation)
0%Ambiguity (Equivocation)
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.9%PublicationGothamist
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Gambler’s Fallacy
0%Gambler’s Fallacy
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Middle Ground
0%Middle Ground
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.3%PublicationGothamist
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Personal Incredulity
0%Personal Incredulity
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Special Pleading
0%Special Pleading
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Genetic Fallacy
0%Genetic Fallacy
OverallThis article
0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Unattributed Quote
14.4%Unattributed Quote
OverallThis article
14.4%AuthorPhil Corso
1%PublicationGothamist
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Quote-first Misdirection
0%Quote-first Misdirection
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
2%PublicationGothamist
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Biased Writer Voice
6.2%Biased Writer Voice
OverallThis article
6.2%AuthorPhil Corso
2.6%PublicationGothamist
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Indoctrination
0%Indoctrination
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
2.4%PublicationGothamist
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Politically Left Leaning Bias
0%Politically Left Leaning Bias
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Politically Right Leaning Bias
0%Politically Right Leaning Bias
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0%PublicationGothamist
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Attempt to Sell a Product or Service
0%Attempt to Sell a Product or Service
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0%AuthorPhil Corso
0.4%PublicationGothamist
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146 words analyzed.
Analysis
Hover over highlighted words in the article to view the associated bias or fallacy analysis.