In our hyper-connected world, we often confuse visibility with self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow's self-actualizing people prized solitude and an inner life that didn't depend on being seen.

Visibility is a poor indicator of an actualized life; online connectivity can often disguise its absence.

The real indicator is "Being-cognition": the capacity to be fully present in the moment.

Source: recep-bg / Getty

In the late 1950s, the humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow set out to study the people he thought were doing the most fully human version of being human. He wasn’t looking for the happiest or the most accomplished. He was looking for what he called the “self-actualizing person.”

He cataloged what he found: sixteen characteristics, more or less, including a clear and accurate perception of reality, acceptance of self and others, spontaneity, and creativeness. In 2018, I published an update in the Journal of Humanistic Psychology called “Self-Actualizing People in the 21st Century,” where I found that 10 of the sixteen held up under the scrutiny of the modern scientific method.

But buried in his 1962 book Toward a Psychology of Being , and again in the 1971 posthumous Farther Reaches of Human Nature , is an observation that should have changed how an entire era understood human flourishing. It didn’t. Maslow’s self-actualizing people, he wrote, had a strong need for privacy and solitude. They were comfortable being alone in a way the average person was not. They didn’t need constant social input to know who they were.

The closest survivor of that trait in my 2018 update is what I call authenticity — staying true to yourself without being overly shaped by external pressures. From the outside, the self-actualizing person can appear “detached.” What isn’t seen is the vibrant inner life and creative flow that doesn’t depend on visibility for depth.

This raises a question that has become harder to ask in 2026 than it was the year Maslow first asked it. If connectivity, accomplishment, and visibility aren’t the indicator of an actualized life, then what is?

We have built a culture, an attention economy, and a series of platforms around a single confused theory of what the indicator is. We’ve decided, more or less without arguing about it, that an actualized life shows itself in visibility — in the size of the network, in how many conversations a person is inside at any given hour, in the ever-growing ways of displaying ourselves in public. The unspoken theory is that depth, if it exists in someone, radiates outward as connectivity and output; that the deeper the well, the louder the signal.

There is one serious problem with this theory: It isn’t what Maslow found. It isn’t what the contemplative traditions found either. And it isn’t what you find, if you look honestly, in the lives of the people you most respect. What you find instead is that connectivity isn’t the signal. In a lot of cases it’s a perfectly competent disguise for the absence of the thing the connectivity is supposed to indicate. Hyper-connectivity is the indicator nobody is reading correctly.

Maslow had a word for the actual one: “Being- cognition ,” or B-cognition for short. It is a kind of perception that doesn’t run every encounter through a strategic filter. You meet a person and you actually meet them. You walk into a room and you’re actually in the room. The sunset on Tuesday evening isn’t reduced to a photo opportunity, or to content. The sunset is the sunset, and you are there for it.

He contrasted this with “Deficiency-cognition,” or D-cognition, in which perception is driven by what’s lacking. D-cognition is useful. It runs projects and accomplishes goals . It is also, Maslow noted, exhausting as a permanent operating system. The people he studied could shift in and out of B-cognition. They didn’t have fewer problems. They had a different relationship with the problems they had.

The capacity for B-cognition is the real indicator — not the visibility, not the throughput, not the size of the network. It’s the capacity to be present in a way that doesn’t require the moment to be on its way to something else.

You can see why this never became a self-improvement franchise. There is no product to sell, and no metric to optimize. There is simply no way to demonstrate, on a feed, that you have a deep relationship with your own inner life. That category doesn’t produce content.

What strikes me about this moment is how visible the confusion has become. The most successful operators in the attention economy openly perform the appearance of inner life. Morning walks. Gratitude rituals. “I’ve been thinking about this all week” preambles introducing whatever the person was always going to say. The performance has gotten so sophisticated that it sometimes looks indistinguishable from the real thing — except that it sits inside a frame of constant transmission. An inner life — the kind Carl Rogers drew in his portrait of the "fully functioning person" in his 1961 book On Becoming a Person , someone open to their own experience rather than performing it, and the kind Maslow named before him — is the part of a person that doesn't need to be transmitted. It is what is happening when no one is watching.

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To be clear, I’m not arguing that connectivity is bad. I am very much online myself. But when you go looking for evidence of an actualized life — in yourself, in the people you admire — stop using visibility as the proxy. It is the wrong measure. The right one is harder to see. It shows up in how someone treats the person in front of them when no one is watching, in whether they can be in a room without managing it, and in whether they can sit with their own daydreams and even enjoy them.

The actualized person can be visible. The visible person isn’t always actualized. The two overlap. They aren’t the same category. And confusing them is part of what’s making this era harder than it needs to be.

The indicator is the depth. It always was.

Scott Barry Kaufman is a cognitive scientist exploring the depth of human potential. He is the host of The Psychology Podcast, and his latest book is Rise Above: Overcome a Victim Mindset, Empower Yourself, and Realize Your Full Potential .

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